Regarding mobilisation and sparing Muscovites
From
Neue Zürcher Zeitung (NZZ)
Russia recruits migrants and other foreigners for the war - often under duress
President Putin facilitates the naturalization of foreigners who fought in the war against Ukraine. The regime is also specifically looking for newly naturalized citizens for military service. In doing so, it wants to prevent a new round of mobilization for the time being.
Fate was not so kind to Beknasar Borugul uulu. The Kyrgyz man was recently sentenced to five years imprisonment in his home country for taking part in the war against Ukraine on Russia's side. As his wife told local media last year, the 27-year-old had gone to Russia to work, committed a crime there and been recruited from the penal colony for the war. He was lucky enough to have survived the horrors of the front. But when he returned to Kyrgyzstan, he was arrested and charged with mercenary activities. Like many other countries, the Central Asian country does not allow service in foreign armies.
Preventing a new mobilization
A few months earlier, a Kyrgyz court had ruled similarly - and sparked outrage among Russian officials and propagandists. The displeasure was directed less against the Kyrgyz than against the Russian state. It was not acceptable for Russia to let those who had fought on Russia's side fall.
They were all the more pleased when Putin signed a decree at the beginning of January that made it much easier for foreign contract soldiers and even their family members to become naturalized. They should be able to obtain Russian citizenship without further examinations if they have left the service after their contract has expired or due to injuries. Anyone who would be persecuted in their country of origin for taking part in the war will thus be given the legal basis to remain in Russia.
Putin's decree, which clarifies and expands on an earlier one, sheds light on the participation of foreigners in Russia's "special operation". It is evidence of the efforts to make military service as attractive as possible for foreigners. The Kremlin is trying at all costs to avoid a new round of mobilization - at least until the presidential elections in March.
When asked whether the Russians should expect a new mobilization along the lines of autumn 2022, Putin said on his TV Question Time in December that there was "currently" no need for it. The Ministry of Defense is recruiting enough volunteers to sign up as contract soldiers. Doubts as to whether this is true if the war continues with enormous losses are justified.
Raids on new citizens
No mention was made of foreigners. Russian propaganda only ever accuses the Ukrainians and the West of resorting to "foreign mercenaries". However, it is clear that the Russian authorities see them and recently naturalized Russians as an important resource for the front. In both cases, coercion is often involved. There are no figures on this. A breakdown by country of origin is also impossible. Indirectly, complaints from foreign countries about Russian recruitment practices provide indications of individual cases. Last year, for example, the foreign ministries of Cuba and Nepal contacted Russia to ask them to refrain from enlisting their citizens for military service.
Probably the largest group of foreigners fighting in various formations on the Russian side against the Ukrainians is made up of citizens of Central Asian former Soviet republics. Hundreds of thousands of them have come to Russia as migrant workers in search of a better income in recent decades.
They are exposed to contempt and constant pressure both at work - often jobs that Russians do not want to accept - and from the migration and security authorities. Some of them have been naturalized. This makes them less vulnerable. Hardly any of them had thought about the fact that this could also make them liable for military service.
The Russian police have been specifically searching for them for several months. They organize raids in and around mosques on Muslim holidays, at busy metro stations and at markets and construction sites where particularly large numbers of Central Asians are employed. Anyone who turns out to be a Russian citizen but is not registered at the military registration office is asked to register there. Anyone who refuses and makes it clear that they do not want to go to war under any circumstances is threatened with criminal proceedings for "discrediting the army". This is reported by lawyers who represent the interests of Central Asian migrants in Russia.
The state also sometimes tries to force non-naturalized migrant workers to sign a contract with the army. When Moscow's mayor Sergei Sobyanin opened a recruitment office directly at the central contact point of the Moscow migration authorities, he bluntly stated that he would rather send migrants to the front than Muscovites.
Recruitment from the penal camps
Recruitment is also carried out directly, as reported by the Kyrgyz service of Radio Liberty. Even the electricity bill is advertised, says a Kyrgyz from the northern Siberian oil town of Surgut, where many migrants work. The recruitment efforts are also aimed at women, such as medical personnel, and skilled workers such as construction workers or drivers who are needed in the war zone. The recruitment of soldiers is handled by the paramilitary force Redut. It has taken on numerous tasks that were previously associated with the Wagner Group, the troop of the entrepreneur Yevgeny Prigozhin, who died in the war.
Prigozhin and Wagner were the first in the penal colonies to be allowed to recruit prisoners for the front, including numerous Central Asians. Lawyers told the BBC's Russian-language service how their clients often had no choice as to whether they wanted to join Wagner or not. The Central Asian prisoners were taken to a room and had to agree to be sent to war under threat. They were told that they would only be a burden to the state in the penal colony and that they would have to pay for it at the front.
"My son was led like a slave to the slaughter", said the mother of a fallen Kyrgyz in the report. Many relatives only understood why the men had suddenly disappeared when they were reported dead. Not everyone knows where the fallen are buried; only a few have been repatriated to their home countries.
Translated with DeepL.com (free version)