@Mike1976 I largely agree, except on the threat of nuclear war. A man who's worth north of $40 billion and has palaces and dachas all over Russia isn't a man who wants to die. And it takes more than Putin's whims to launch even a singular Russian nuke. Even now, Putin isn't omnipotent. The Kremlin's policies are clearly designed to bother the middle and upper classes as little as possible with the war, suggesting their are still segments of society and circles of power whose potential reaction to him escalating the war Putin cannot ignore.
And at least as far as nuclear war is concerned, I'm convinced he won't escalate.
Violating the unwritten-but-longly respected paradigm that nuclear powers shall not use nukes against conventionally armed foes would be extremely detrimental to Russia's interests. It would also be vehemently opposed even by China, North Korea and Iran. For the nuclear deterrent to work, a certain degree of predictability is required: I want you to know that if you threaten my existence, I'll end yours. But I don't want you to think I could be about to end your existence at a whim (which might compell you to take unforeseeable actions or strategies with which I cannot compete).
Let's imagine Putin decides to drop a single nuke on Kharkiv, a final warning of sorts to get Ukraine to surrender immediatedly (thereby ending the global nuclear contract on proportionality and predictability).
What would happen?
- World War Three would be hanging in the air: The current US administration has made it clear that if Russia uses nukes against Ukraine, America would retaliate conventionally (if the articles a couple of months back are to be believed, they'd wipe out what's left of the Black Sea Fleet). There's a chance that NATO in its entirety could enter the war on Ukraine's side; at the very least, Poland, the UK, the US and perhaps France might intervene unilaterally.
- A whole host of nations would recognise their newly-found strategic vulnerability and/or drop previous reservations against nuclear weapons. Poland, Taiwan and South Korea could embark on a nuclear armament program right away, followed by Turkey and Saudi-Arabia. The Philippines are another potential candidate, and Germany would likely take up a decade-old French offer for a Franco-German nuclear deterrent.
- China would be furious. Putin would've ensured that 1. Taiwan would seek nuclear weapons and 2. the USA would stand by Taiwan in the event of an attack, making it literally impossible for the Reds to fulfil their biggest dream and reclaim the island.
- In fact, all nuclear powers would be angry with Russia, because such a strike would render their current nuclear strategies ineffective. A new nuclear armament race would begin, the like of which none of them can (financially) afford. Heck, China alone with their relatively modest nuclear force would have to produce like another 1,000-2,000 warheads in order to compete with Russia and the US.
- Russia would become a global pariah. The usual propaganda and victim-blaming wouldn't work here, because in order for Ukraine to get the message, Moscow couldn't disown the strike and claim it hadn't been of their doing.
That's why he won't do it.
Sending the minorities to war has been a thing ever since the Moscovites expanded beyond their original territory. In 1917 (and 1990ish) it wasn't the middle or upper class who revolted either, but the poorest people.
The problem with your argument is that it's deduced from logic in regards to the rules based international order, but Putin has made it very clear that he wants to destroy that order entirely. This is why he's at odds with China who want to lead that order rather than destroy it. That's one of the reasons why russia is having to beg Best Korea and Iran for equipment and only getting dual-use parts from China instead of having China providing them everything they would ever want directly.
The West doesn't dare to confront China regardless so if it was in China's interest to fully support russia they would, but Putin twisted Xi' hand and China is making him pay for it.
Anyone intervening in Ukraine on behalf of Ukraine is extremely unlikely, these scenarios have been floated and have proven wholly unpopular with both policy makers and the general public no matter what russia does in Ukraine. The only exception is a direct attack on a NATO member and that's more due to treaty obligations than the public mindset being eager for it. Anyone bringing this up as a serious option will be annihilated at the ballot box if they have credible opponents instead of token opposition. War costs a lot of money and we prefer to spend our money on welfare. Countries in Europe are having trouble filling the jobs in their armed forces in peace time with virtually no one wanting to die for their country and these people would suddenly do a 180 and wholeheartedly embrace foreign adventures because they suddenly see the need for active defense and a war economy?
The US has already stated through the last three presidents that they will militarily intervene if China attacks Taiwan, so there wouldn't be any change there.
As for other countries seeking nuclear weapons, you said it yourself, most countries are in no position to do so due to economic circumstances (and, rather likely, also public opinion because even if russia uses nuclear weapons most westerners will argue we don't need nukes because we're under the US umbrella, no matter how leaky that has proven to be time and again when America's interests start to diverge from those of their allies). Forcing my enemies to spend money they don't have so they can't spend it on anything else to be used against me is a bad thing for me? I have 5,600 nukes, it's not my problem, it's everyone else's.
And again just like war nukes costs an absolute fortune and would make politicians deeply unpopular (peace -and non-proliferation movements in the 70s and 80s when the chance of a russian first strike was an actual concern instead of the distant memory it is now at the end of history).
He's solely reliant on China, Best Korea, Iran and a few Gulf States already, do you honestly think he gives a sh*t about what countries in Africa think? The same regimes he's propping up with his mercenaries?
Putin's entire world view is based on "might makes right" and in his mind russia is historically the mightiest of all and is their divine right to be so again.
This stab in the back against his ally Orban, the declaration (really tirade) at the start of the war, the delirious interview with Tucker, the genocidal stuff he has his hand puppets in the media repeating verbatim and actually carrying out in Ukraine, do those sound like the deliberate wordings of a statesman or the ramblings of a madman to you?
The idea of direct involvement of western conventional forces in Ukraine is impossible because of the "Never Again" and "No More War" of the last nearly 80 years of European educational, cultural and political influences towards making European society entirely pacifist, rapidly accelerated after 1990.