USN:
Oliver Hazard Perry class frigate USS Stark after being hit by two Excoct missiles, May 17, 1987
Though she was in a war zone, the US was not a belligerent in the Iran-Iraq Tanker War at the time and Iraq wasn’t yet hostile to the US. Iran and Iraq had been attacking merchant shipping (many attacks over several years) in the Persian gulf in order to deny each other an advantage in their stalemated land war. Although both sides were attacking ships, the US generally saw Iran and not Iraq as the “bad guy”.
The attack on the Stark was apparently the result of poor targeting by the Iraqi pilot, who reportedly thought the Stark was an Iranian ship. Later theories on the intent of the attack differ. The USN had seen Iraqi planes fly similar attack profiles against merchantmen often enough for it to seem routine.
Because she was not a belligerent her captain had not directed any heightened alert status and opted to have her chaff and phalanx on standby, and had no missile on the Mk 13 launcher’s rail. She was thus unprepared for an attack. The Iraqi plane was reported to the Stark via AWACS and the track did show up intermittently on the Stark’s radars, so it was known of by the watch in CIC. The geometry of the Iraqi approach meant that the Phalanx was masked by the Stark’s own mast and she would have had to maneuver to unmask the CIWS, which she failed to do until it was too late.
The Exocet missile impacts and resulting fires killed 37 and injured 21 of the crew. She was undoubtedly a mission kill on the day, but she was saved by the efforts of her crew and personnel from other ships.
Saddam Hussein formally apologized for the incident, and deconfliction procedures were worked out between the Iraqi air force and the USN to prevent future reoccurrences of the incident.
After repairs in Bahrain the Stark was able to steam back to the US under her own power and was fully restored to service after more extensive yard work. After several more years of service and several more deployments she was decommissioned in 1999.
The Stark’s captain was reprimanded for his pre-attack decisions and was ineligible for further promotion, but was allowed to take an early retirement.