The Pakistanis have been quite consistent with their claims, especially considering the frenzy the Indian media went into, the government crackdowns, and the fact that India didn’t just stop after its operation was supposedly completed. This suggests that the Pakistanis may have indeed taken out some jets. The French and two American sources, along with the audio intercepted and presented by Pakistan of a Rafale pilot, and the picture of at least one Rafale’s debris, in my opinion, suggest that yes, a battle did take place and yes, a Rafale was destroyed.
Whether it was one of the largest air battles in modern history? Maybe—CNN and Pakistan both said that.
Right now, the burden of proof is on India to show what actually happened, but I think they won’t, due to domestic issues. It’ll be a S**t show for a while, like in 2019.
Pakistan's claims haven't been consistent, there's been mixed news about 5 jets being downed and a pilot captured that were all dubious to begin with. The captured pilot was confirmed fabricated, and much like India, Pakistan exaggerates its kills (much like the claim of a downed flanker in 2019).
For actual numbers:
Pakistan's defence minister claimed that the first strike in Operation Sindoor had 80 Indian jets cross over into Pakistan, which would immediately make it one of the largest strikes of the past couple of decades. Pakistan's response numbers are not mentioned anywhere.
Evidence seems to somewhat suggest a single Rafale went down, although audio interception is not good proof given it is rather easily fabricated and Rafales do have encrypted SDR.
It is also extremely interesting that for an engagement of 80+ jets, only a single casualty occurred. 2 near-intact PL-15E have been recovered and 1 exploded PL-15 shell was also found, so a BVR engagement on day 1 was confirmed.
What is extremely interesting to me is that there is footage of multiple R73 shells on the ground, suggesting WVR dogfights also occurred. India also uses modified R73 on SHORADs so it could be from them.