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Gulf war 1, the entire Air Force struggled to take out a few dozen scud launchers.It takes ballistic missiles 12 minutes to get from western Iran to Israel (~1500km) at mach 3 or 4. They're on mobile launchers that are fueled inside man-made caves and driven out ready to fire. In all you get about 30 minutes from visual notification until impact.
Countering ballistic missile launchers from a carrier would mean having dozens of aircraft in the air (even a US supercarrier doesn't have an airwing large enough to keep dozens of aircraft in the air 24/7 for multiple days).
Those aircraft are at best equipped with a pair of AGM-158 JASSM-ER cruise missiles. With a range of a little over 900km these travel at subsonic speeds meaning to cover that distance it'll need close to an hour.
181 ballistic missiles were fired in two waves. Let's say 90 launchers were used. One cruise missile can take out one launcher. That would require 45 aircraft with zero misses.
And the aircraft would need to be flying over the Persian Gulf or Gulf of Oman, within range of Iranian air defences.
My conclussion: Only ballistic missiles can counter ballistic missiles before they launch (or a space laser)
But the Iranian missiles show the same limited ability, they are failing, getting shot down, missing. Some are getting through. Actual military impact, limited.
So you don’t go for the launchers, you go for the storage sites, the vehicle assembly factory, etc. and the barracks where the troops live/sleep.
Israel has the ability to do this.