Italy:
Submarine 'Ettore Fieramosca', an ill-fated attempt at the "cruiser-submarine" concept, being launched on 15 April 1929
In the mid-1920s the Regia Marina, while having discarded the opportunity to build a submarine with a heavy-caliber gun (akin to the
M-class built for the Royal Navy during WWI), opted to try its hand at the concept of a big, long-range submarine, armed with a medium-caliber gun and with a floatplane to help with spotting; the Marine Nationale's laying down of the
Surcouf was likely a factor in this decision as well. Thus the
Ettore Fieramosca was born.
Designed by Generale del Genio Navale Curio Bernardis (thus following his design concepts of a single hull with side tanks), it was meant to displace around 2'000 t, and to be armed with a single 203 mm (8-inch) gun in an insulated mounting, plus four fore and two aft 533 mm (21-inch) torpedo tubes, and carry in a special hangar a small floatplane; it was laid down in the Cantiere Tosi of Taranto in 1926. However, even before her launching, doubts upon its utility (especially in a relatively small theater such as the Mediterranean one) and the reliability of its installations caused the revision of the design; as can be guessed by the picture above, the medium-caliber gun was deleted (also due to the poor stability qualities of the Bernardis-type boats), to be replaced by a conventional 120 mm (4.7-inch). The hangar would likewise disappear shortly before her commissioning, as the issues about which aircraft to use coupled with the trouble the hangar and its weight would bring.
Therefore, by 1930 the
Ettore Fieramosca was finally commissioned in the Regia Marina as a conventional submarine, but as such it would prove to be only a mediocre success at best. Oversized, unstable (both surfaced and underwater) and way slower than what the design hoped to achieve (15.5 knots in service, compared to the 20 knots hoped for), it also boasted a modest endurance of 5'300 nm at 8 knots, meaning that it was ill-suited for its hoped-for "oceanic" role.
In the end, the
Fieramosca would also gain the derisive nickname "
Fieroguaio" (
guaio meaning "trouble" in Italian), for the seemingly endless chain of breakdowns and mechanical issues that would plague its career; it was little comfort for its crew to have the best-furnished submarine of the fleet, as its dimensions made it possible to have things such as a huge refrigerator, two kitchens and no less than six toilets!
The likely highlight of its relatively short career could be her second mission to support the Nationalists during the Spanish Civil War (a secret, and completely illegal operation undertook by the Regia Marina); in the night of 26 December 1937, the
Fieramosca fired three torpedoes against the Republican light cruiser
Mendez Nuñez, with all missing, however. As an anedocte, the next sortie would be cut short by a failure of an engine that forced the boat to return to port, while on another, during a nighttime bombardment of Barcelona, the 120 mm gun had to cease fire as it seized up.
By World War Two, the aging submarine was assigned to GRUPSOM I (First Submarine Group) of La Spezia, and again its activity was cut short by an accident, an accidental explosion in her battery room that forced it to limp home. Not a month into the war, it was reduced to a training role, and by October 1940 it would be assigned to the Submarine School of Pola (Pula). After twenty-eight training missions (and being used as a stage for a film), its career finally came to an end as it was decommissioned on 10 April 1941. On 18 October 1946 it was struck from the list, and it was then scrapped.
The Re.2000 Catapultabile (MM.8281) on a topside catapult of Giuseppe Miraglia ready for take-off, May 1942. Less than a dozen of these variants was used during WWII. The planes were planned for the unfinished 27,000-ton Italian aircraft carrier L’ Aquila but cut their teeth on Miraglia.
The Italian scout Quarto, the first "esploratore" and the last large surface combatant built in the history of the Venetian Arsenal
In 1908 the Regia Marina requested a ship capable of performing the scouting role that the eponymous ships in foreign navies (such as the Royal navy) did; for this, a ship with substantial armament and decidedly better speed than the previous protected cruisers was needed. It was designed by Maggiore del Genio Navale Giulio Truccone, with speed as the main focus (it was the first Italian cruiser-type ship fitted with steam turbines powered by ten oil-fired boilers, that allowed it to reach a top speed of 28 knots), and firepower coming as a close second, with six 120 mm (4.7-inch) and six 76 mm (3-inch) gun complementing two 450 mm (17.7-inch) torpedo tubes, with protection guaranteed only by a 40 mm armoured deck.
Thus the Italian "
esploratori" were born, ships that tended to straddle the line between big destroyers and small cruisers; said ships, often noticeable for their considerable speeds and their strong armament, would be a staple of Italian shipbuilding for no less than thirty years, and would play an important part in the Franco-Italian naval race of the interwar year, giving shape to the Regia Marina's light forces that would eventually fight World War II, for better or for worse (from the disappointing
early Condottieri, to the stalwart
Navigatori).
Laid down in the
Arsenale di Venezia on 11 November 1909, the
Quarto (named after the small village near Genoa from where Giuseppe Garibaldi sailed for its
Expedition of the Thousand in 1860) was launched on 19 August 1911, a momentous day, as no more big warships would be built in such place, putting an end to a century-long history. Commissioned on May 1912, during WWI it operated from Brindisi, performing 54 missions (plus 9 escort missions) throughout the conflict.
In 1926-7 it was briefly modified to carry a
Macchi M.18 seaplane. After stints in the Far East (in the China station) and in the Red Sea, it was recommissioned in 1936 to become the flagship of the Italian ships operating in Spanish waters during the Spanish Civil War. Despite its generally good conditions and capability to still reach its top speed despite its age (unlike its derivatives, the
Nino Bixio-class, less appreciated and already sold for scrapping by 1929), the
Quarto was finally decommissioned in 1938 and stricken from the naval registry in 1939. Its hull, towed to Livorno (Leghorn), would be used as a dummy for training the Decima MAS, and was scuttled to block the harbour entrance in July 1944.
As an interesting note, the
Quarto briefly held classifications other than "
esploratore" in its career; before being launched it had been put into the naval registry as a "*nave di battaglia di 4***
a classe" (lit. "fourth-class battle ship"), while a few months before its final decommissioning the scout rating in the RM was abolished and the old ship was duly reclassified "
incrociatore leggero" (light cruiser).
Battleship 'Conte Di Cavour', with a line of cruisers in the background, seen from aboard one of the 32 Spica class torpedo boats of the late 1930s. This photograph may have been taken at the 5 May 1938 naval review off Naples, Italy.