The 1921
Anglo-Irish Treaty (
Irish:
An Conradh Angla-Éireannach), commonly known as
The Treaty and officially the
Articles of Agreement for a Treaty Between Great Britain and Ireland, was an agreement between the government of the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and representatives of the
Irish Republic that concluded the
Irish War of Independence.
[2]
It provided for the establishment of the
Irish Free State within a year as a self-governing
dominion within the "community of nations known as the
British Empire", a status "the same as that of the Dominion of
Canada". It also provided
Northern Ireland, which had been created by the
Government of Ireland Act 1920, an option to opt out of the Irish Free State, which it exercised.
The agreement was signed in London on 6 December 1921, by representatives of the
British government (which included Prime Minister
David Lloyd George, who was head of the British delegates) and by representatives of the Irish Republic including
Michael Collins and
Arthur Griffith.
The Irish representatives had
plenipotentiary status (negotiators empowered to sign a treaty without reference back to their superiors) acting on behalf of the Irish Republic, though the British government declined to recognise that status. As required by its terms, the agreement was approved by "a meeting" of the members elected to sit in the
House of Commons of Southern Ireland and [separately] by the
British Parliament. In reality,
Dáil Éireann (the legislative assembly for the
de facto Irish Republic) first debated then approved the treaty; members then went ahead with the "meeting". Though the treaty was narrowly approved, the split led to the
Irish Civil War, which was won by the pro-treaty side.
The Irish Free State as contemplated by the treaty came into existence when its constitution became law on 6 December 1922 by a
royal proclamation."