Imperial Austro-Hungary:
Protected cruiser SMS Zenta and destroyer SMS Ulan.
At the start of
World War I in July 1914,
Zenta was sent to the southern end of the
Adriatic Sea to attack targets in Montenegro. She was cruising off that country's coast to enforce another blockade on 16 August when she and the
destroyer Ulan encountered the main French battle fleet
At around 08:30, lookouts in the French fleet spotted smoke on the horizon as they steamed north, prompting Boué de Lapeyrère to turn his ships to investigate. The Austro-Hungarians had in turn spotted the approaching French fleet, and so moved closer to shore to flee north, hoping the coastline would obscure them. At 09:03, the French fleet encountered
Zenta and
Ulan off the coast of Montenegro and opened fire, though Boué de Lapeyrère initially ordered his battleships to fire warning shots, but this caused confusion among the fleet's gunners.
Zenta, commanded by
Paul Pachner, turned to engage the French while
Ulan fled to the north at high speed.
Zenta came under a hail of French gunfire, though the sheer volume hampered French gunnery, as it was impossible to determine each ships' fall of shot.
Zenta fired her 12 cm guns, though they fell some 300 to 400 m (980 to 1,310 ft) short, and would not have inflicted damage on the heavily armoured battleships in any event. The slower
Zenta attempted to evade French gunfire, but she quickly received several hits that disabled her engines and set her on fire by about 09:12. At 09:20, Boué de Lapeyrère ordered his ships to cease fire, by which time
Zenta was burning badly and settling by the stern. By 09:30,
Zenta's bow lurched upward at an angle of 45 degrees and quickly sank around 4 to 5 nmi (7.4 to 9.3 km; 4.6 to 5.8 mi) off the coast of
Castellastua, her flags still flying.
Her crew suffered heavy casualties in the battle, with 173 men killed, though 139, including Pachner, managed to swim to shore. The French failed to pick up survivors, as Boué de Lapeyrère assumed that
Zenta's boats could pick them up, or they could swim to shore. They were captured by Montenegrin forces and imprisoned as
prisoners of war in
Podgorica. By early 1916, the
Austro-Hungarian Army had defeated Montenegro and the survivors from
Zenta were freed.
Ulan, meanwhile, successfully fled north, having been pursued by the French destroyer screen and the armored cruiser
Jurien de la Gravière