Imperial Italy:
Submarine
Delfino, the first submarine ever operated by the Italian navy, around 1901
Around 1888 the Italian statesman and naval engineer
Benedetto Brin, disturbed by news coming from France about the testing of the submarine
Gymnote, had the director of the Genio Navale Giacinto Pullino draw plans for one such boat, for experimental purposes. The design work began in earnest, and by 1892 the first ever submarine to raise the Italian flag was completed by the Arsenale di La Spezia. As built, it was fitted with a single electric engine (with a 62.5 HP output), which moved one screw in the usual position, plus two more curiously placed above, to help the boat submerge and keep the designed depth. It was also the first submarine to be fitted with a gyrocompass.
Tested in great secrecy, the
Delfino ("Dolphin" in Italian, as it was eventually called, as initially it was called merely the "
Pullino boat") performed satisfactorily with its crew of five (the first commander was Tenente Carlo Scotti), remaining submerged for up to five hours. Despite this, the diffidence (and/or indifference) of the brass led to the boat being put into storage and to be forgotten for a few years.
By 1900, however, development in the submarine forces by the French Navy led the very Minister of the Navy, Admiral
Giovanni Bettolo, to order the boat to be refitted for further trials. As such, the
Delfino took on its definite shape, acquiring a main FIAT gasoline engine plus an electric one for use when submerged (thus raising its autonomy from 24 to 165 nautical miles on the surface); the two original 350 mm torpedo tubes were replaced by a single 450 mm one. The crew of the rebuilt submarine was two officers and eleven seamen.
In 1901 the refitted
Delfino resumed trials, and on 30 and 31 May it demonstrated its abilities in the presence of the King Vittorio Emanuele III and the now much more interested top officers of the Regia Marina. Its success ensured that the submarine force of the RM would finally be developed, but its performances would be soon surpassed by its successors.
During World War I, despite its obsolescence, the
Delfino nevertheless operated in some 44 missions to defend the Gulf of Venice, other than serving as a training ship. After the war's end, it was mothballed, and on 16 January 1919 the old boat was stricken and scrapped.