France:
The scuttling of the French fleet at Toulon was orchestrated by
Vichy France on 27 November 1942 to prevent
Nazi German forces from taking it over. The
Allied invasion of
North Africa had provoked the Germans into invading the
zone libre, neutral according to the
Armistice of 1940. The Vichy Secretary of the Navy, Admiral
François Darlan, defected to the Allies, who were gaining increasing support from servicemen and civilians. His replacement, Admiral
Gabriel Auphan, guessed correctly that the Germans were aiming to seize the large fleet at
Toulon, and ordered them to be scuttled.
The Germans began
Operation Anton but the French naval crews used deceit to delay them until the scuttling was complete. Anton was judged a failure, with the capture of 39 small ships, while the French destroyed 77 vessels; several submarines escaped to French North Africa. It marked the end of Vichy France as a credible naval power.
Heavy cruiser
Dupleix aflame at Toulon, France, circa 27 Nov 1942
Battleship
Jean Bart viewed from an aircraft of USS Ranger, Casablanca, French Morocco, 8 Nov 1942