France:
The
Liberté, of 14630- tons and 430-feet length, was one of the four ships of the class to which she gave her name and which were the last pre-dreadnoughts to serve in the French Navy.
Liberté was obsolete at time of her launch and she entered service in 1908, a year after Britain’s HMS
Dreadnought had changed the battleship paradigm. Her four 12-inch cannon represented a puny armament when compared with the
Dreadnought’s ten.
Liberté did however also mount ten 7.6-inch weapons, six in single turrets and four in casemates.
Liberté was moored in the harbour in Toulon on 25th September 1911 when an explosion erupted in one of the forward magazines of the 7.6-inch guns. The situation was serious, but not yet fatal, and the commander, Captain Louis Jaurès, sent a party forward to flood the magazines to prevent an explosion in the main magazines. A major design fault was now manifested, for the flooding valves were located beneath the magazines. Two heroic attempts were made to reach the valves but were beaten back by fire and smoke. A third attempt was in progress when the main magazine exploded, tearing the ship apart.
The violence of the detonation was sufficient for the pre-dreadnought
République, moored over 200 yards away, to be damaged seriously when a 40-ton section of
Liberté’s armoured plate was thrown against her side. The death-toll was some 250 and state funerals for these victims were attended by the president. A relief fund for the bereaved families received massive support across the nation.
The subsequent inquiry ended up concluding that the propellant used by the Marine Nationale, the
Poudre B, could be dangerously unstable and was likely the culprit for the loss of the ship. Of its crew (part of which, luckily, was out on leave) 286 officers and men died and a further 188 were wounded; more servicemen died on nearby ships, struck by splinters.