The take of Germany's leading conservative newspaper, 'Frankfurter Allgemeine':
France's crisis of government
Emmanuel Macron has neglected the French electorate – and has done so for a long time. Even the best prime minister cannot make up for his loss of legitimacy.
There's no reason to breathe a sigh of relief. Sébastien Lecornu, again prime minister, will not be able to do much about France's structural crisis. West of the Rhine, a battle is currently being waged that affects, more or less, all Western democracies. After Brexit and Donald Trump's first election victory, Emmanuel Macron set out to present an alternative in 2017. His "revolution"—the title of his campaign manifesto—was not about advocating isolation and self-assurance, but about a market economy and European integration. The European dream instead of "France First".
But now the president is being swept away by a river that has been flowing through France for a long time. Twenty years ago, a majority of the French people said no to the European Constitutional Treaty. The starting point for the current crisis was the rejection of Macron's European programme in the European elections in June 2024. The poor result was a slap in the face for the president, who had staked his all on the European card.
He reacted with indignation and dissolved the National Assembly. Since then, France has had no peace. Macron has already worn out three prime ministers. EU critics, from both the left and the right, set the tone in the National Assembly. Marine Le Pen is no longer advocating for a Frexit. She wants to undermine the EU from within. Her secret ally is the left-wing party LFI, which is working toward a conflict with the EU for its own reasons.
A sceptical view of Brussels has long been mainstream in France. This is one of the reasons why Macron finds it so difficult to insist on European commitments. Many French representatives ignore the EU deficit criteria. They receive no recognition in their constituencies for preaching fiscal discipline, or for warning of the looming debt crisis. Prime Minister François Bayrou experienced this most recently, when he was ousted after his blunt remarks on public finances. Seemingly limitless borrowing during the pandemic has destroyed the already weak support for sustainable budgeting.
Now France is trapped in a vicious circle. Macron's vow of stability is failing to prevent the country from drifting away financially and becoming a risk to the EU. There is no majority in the National Assembly for an austerity course. Now even the last European achievement of Macron's second term is at stake: the pension reform, with which he tentatively brought French retirement conditions closer to that of its European neighbours. The pact with Macron, renewed by the voter in 2022, is crumbling. It was that the president would make France strong again through reforms, thus making it a reliable partner in the EU.
France's middle class is shrinking
Far-reaching social changes explain why Macron's electoral base, the middle class, is shrinking. Once largely Catholic, France has become a consumer society where Sunday Mass is replaced by pilgrimages to Ikea. The economic successes of some urban centres and the renewed attractiveness of France as a business location have failed to halt the trend toward deindustrialisation in large parts of the country. Political scientist Jérôme Fourquet has convincingly demonstrated how Marine Le Pen is successfully appealing to the downtrodden of the consumer society. The defeated are en route to becoming the winners of the next election.
The French crisis is also a crisis of the presidential system, often referred to as a republican monarchy. Macron's leadership style is consistent with the institutional structure envisioned by the founding father of the French constitution, Charles de Gaulle. Macron doesn't even try to come across as a "normal" like his hapless predecessor, François Hollande. He rules like someone who always has the final say. This was also demonstrated by the recent television appearance of his resigned Prime Minister, Sébastien Lecornu, who repeatedly emphasized that the decision "rests with the president".
But Macron has neglected the fact that it is the people who grant him his vast power. The president can dissolve parliament and consult the citizens directly in referendums—a fundamental feature of the French system that Germans find strange. This mechanism is intended to ensure that the president still enjoys the trust of the majority. Now it is becoming clear how outdated this mechanism is. Macron suffers from a major legitimacy deficit because he has responded inadequately to the punishment he received at the ballot box. Even the best prime minister cannot get him out of this trap.