German soldiers in the Netherlands, 1940.
The German invasion of the Netherlands began at dawn on 10 May 1940, when Wehrmacht forces struck across the Dutch frontiers with a speed and coordination designed to overwhelm resistance before it could properly form. For the Netherlands—neutral since 1914 and hoping to avoid entanglement in another European war—the attack was a profound shock. German strategy aimed at a rapid breakthrough, seizing key airfields, bridges, and urban centres to force a swift capitulation and open the way for operations against Belgium and France.
Airborne troops played a central role. Fallschirmjäger units dropped near The Hague, Rotterdam, and Dordrecht, attempting to capture the Dutch government and secure vital crossings. Although these airborne assaults met fierce resistance and failed to achieve all their objectives, they created chaos behind Dutch lines and forced the defenders to divert precious forces. Meanwhile, German armoured and infantry divisions pushed through the eastern provinces, exploiting weak points and bypassing strongholds.
The Dutch Army fought with determination despite being outmatched in armour, air power, and modern equipment. At the Grebbe Line, some of the heaviest fighting occurred as Dutch troops resisted repeated German assaults. Air attacks by the Luftwaffe steadily eroded defensive positions, communications, and morale. The situation deteriorated rapidly as German forces closed in on the core of the country.
The turning point came on 14 May, when the Luftwaffe bombed Rotterdam after negotiations for surrender stalled. The destruction of the city centre and the threat of similar attacks on Utrecht and other urban areas forced the Dutch high command to capitulate the following day. Only the forces in Zeeland, fighting alongside the French, continued resistance briefly.
The invasion lasted just five days, but its impact was profound. It marked the end of Dutch neutrality, the beginning of a harsh occupation, and a stark demonstration of the speed and violence of Blitzkrieg warfare.